Tooth decay
Tooth decay is one of the most common oral diseases, which — when detected at an early stage — can be treated in a simple and minimally invasive (conservative) way.
What is tooth decay?
Tooth decay is damage (a cavity) caused by the action of bacteria that accumulate on the surface of the teeth. These bacteria produce acids that attack the tooth enamel, leading to its gradual destruction.
If left untreated, decay can penetrate into the deeper layers of the tooth, destroying its structure and potentially causing pain, infections, and other complications.
Main causes
The development of tooth decay is usually associated with a combination of several factors, which include:
Poor oral hygiene
Frequent consumption of food and drinks rich in sugar
Accumulation of bacterial plaque (dental plaque)
Reduced salivation (dry mouth)
No regular dental check-ups
Possible symptoms
Symptoms of tooth decay can vary depending on the severity and location of the cavity. The most common symptoms include:
Tooth sensitivity
An unpleasant or painful sensation when teeth are exposed to extreme temperatures and/or sweet foods. Sensitivity can indicate that a carious lesion is progressing and beginning to affect the deeper layers of the tooth.
Tooth surface discolouration
Brown, black or white spots may appear on the surface of the tooth. These spots are a visible sign of enamel demineralisation and may precede the formation of a cavity (hole).
Visible defects (external damage)
Small holes or crevices may be visible on the surface of the affected tooth. These cavities are the result of the progression of the decay process and the loss of tooth structure.
Bad breath
The accumulation of bacterial plaque, the build-up of food debris in cavities, and the presence of decay itself can contribute to persistent, chronic bad breath.
Difficulties when chewing
Pain and hypersensitivity can make normal chewing difficult, which in turn forces a more restrictive and selective diet, carrying a risk of nutritional deficiencies.
Toothache
The pain can be continuous or spontaneous and is usually triggered by hot, cold or sweet food and drinks. It can range from mild to severe and is often a sign that decay has reached the dentine or pulp of the tooth.
Gum inflammation
Deep carious lesions, especially those located near the roots or on the proximal surfaces (between teeth), can lead to irritation and inflammation of the surrounding tissues, resulting in swelling and soreness of the gum.
If symptoms persist, worsen, or if you notice visible changes in your teeth, a dental consultation and evaluation are important. Even in the absence of severe pain, regular check-ups are essential to prevent complications.
Treatment of dental caries varies depending on the extent of the damage and its stage of advancement. Here are some of the most common treatment methods:
